Serveur d'exploration sur la COVID chez les séniors

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Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings.

Identifieur interne : 000729 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000728; suivant : 000730

Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings.

Auteurs : Suzanne Pickering [Royaume-Uni] ; Gilberto Betancor [Royaume-Uni] ; Rui Pedro Galão [Royaume-Uni] ; Blair Merrick [Royaume-Uni] ; Adrian W. Signell [Royaume-Uni] ; Harry D. Wilson [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark Tan Kia Ik [Royaume-Uni] ; Jeffrey Seow [Royaume-Uni] ; Carl Graham [Royaume-Uni] ; Sam Acors [Royaume-Uni] ; Neophytos Kouphou [Royaume-Uni] ; Kathryn J A. Steel [Royaume-Uni] ; Oliver Hemmings [Royaume-Uni] ; Amita Patel [Royaume-Uni] ; Gaia Nebbia [Royaume-Uni] ; Sam Douthwaite [Royaume-Uni] ; Lorcan O'Connell [Royaume-Uni] ; Jakub Luptak [Royaume-Uni] ; Laura E. Mccoy [Royaume-Uni] ; Philip Brouwer [Pays-Bas] ; Marit J. Van Gils [Pays-Bas] ; Rogier W. Sanders [Pays-Bas] ; Rocio Martinez Nunez [Royaume-Uni] ; Karen Bisnauthsing [Royaume-Uni] ; Geraldine O'Hara [Royaume-Uni] ; Eithne Macmahon [Royaume-Uni] ; Rahul Batra [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael H. Malim [Royaume-Uni] ; Stuart J D. Neil [Royaume-Uni] ; Katie J. Doores [Royaume-Uni] ; Jonathan D. Edgeworth [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

RBID : pubmed:32970782

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

There is a clear requirement for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, both as a complement to existing diagnostic capabilities and for determining community seroprevalence. We therefore evaluated the performance of a variety of antibody testing technologies and their potential use as diagnostic tools. Highly specific in-house ELISAs were developed for the detection of anti-spike (S), -receptor binding domain (RBD) and -nucleocapsid (N) antibodies and used for the cross-comparison of ten commercial serological assays-a chemiluminescence-based platform, two ELISAs and seven colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs)-on an identical panel of 110 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and 50 pre-pandemic negatives. There was a wide variation in the performance of the different platforms, with specificity ranging from 82% to 100%, and overall sensitivity from 60.9% to 87.3%. However, the head-to-head comparison of multiple sero-diagnostic assays on identical sample sets revealed that performance is highly dependent on the time of sampling, with sensitivities of over 95% seen in several tests when assessing samples from more than 20 days post onset of symptoms. Furthermore, these analyses identified clear outlying samples that were negative in all tests, but were later shown to be from individuals with mildest disease presentation. Rigorous comparison of antibody testing platforms will inform the deployment of point-of-care technologies in healthcare settings and their use in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008817
PubMed: 32970782
PubMed Central: PMC7514033


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Kia Ik, Mark Tan" sort="Kia Ik, Mark Tan" uniqKey="Kia Ik M" first="Mark Tan" last="Kia Ik">Mark Tan Kia Ik</name>
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<name sortKey="Seow, Jeffrey" sort="Seow, Jeffrey" uniqKey="Seow J" first="Jeffrey" last="Seow">Jeffrey Seow</name>
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<name sortKey="Steel, Kathryn J A" sort="Steel, Kathryn J A" uniqKey="Steel K" first="Kathryn J A" last="Steel">Kathryn J A. Steel</name>
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<name sortKey="Hemmings, Oliver" sort="Hemmings, Oliver" uniqKey="Hemmings O" first="Oliver" last="Hemmings">Oliver Hemmings</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Patel, Amita" sort="Patel, Amita" uniqKey="Patel A" first="Amita" last="Patel">Amita Patel</name>
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<name sortKey="Nebbia, Gaia" sort="Nebbia, Gaia" uniqKey="Nebbia G" first="Gaia" last="Nebbia">Gaia Nebbia</name>
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<name sortKey="Douthwaite, Sam" sort="Douthwaite, Sam" uniqKey="Douthwaite S" first="Sam" last="Douthwaite">Sam Douthwaite</name>
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<name sortKey="O Connell, Lorcan" sort="O Connell, Lorcan" uniqKey="O Connell L" first="Lorcan" last="O'Connell">Lorcan O'Connell</name>
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<name sortKey="Luptak, Jakub" sort="Luptak, Jakub" uniqKey="Luptak J" first="Jakub" last="Luptak">Jakub Luptak</name>
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<name sortKey="Mccoy, Laura E" sort="Mccoy, Laura E" uniqKey="Mccoy L" first="Laura E" last="Mccoy">Laura E. Mccoy</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Brouwer, Philip" sort="Brouwer, Philip" uniqKey="Brouwer P" first="Philip" last="Brouwer">Philip Brouwer</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Van Gils, Marit J" sort="Van Gils, Marit J" uniqKey="Van Gils M" first="Marit J" last="Van Gils">Marit J. Van Gils</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Sanders, Rogier W" sort="Sanders, Rogier W" uniqKey="Sanders R" first="Rogier W" last="Sanders">Rogier W. Sanders</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Martinez Nunez, Rocio" sort="Martinez Nunez, Rocio" uniqKey="Martinez Nunez R" first="Rocio" last="Martinez Nunez">Rocio Martinez Nunez</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Bisnauthsing, Karen" sort="Bisnauthsing, Karen" uniqKey="Bisnauthsing K" first="Karen" last="Bisnauthsing">Karen Bisnauthsing</name>
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<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="O Hara, Geraldine" sort="O Hara, Geraldine" uniqKey="O Hara G" first="Geraldine" last="O'Hara">Geraldine O'Hara</name>
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<name sortKey="Macmahon, Eithne" sort="Macmahon, Eithne" uniqKey="Macmahon E" first="Eithne" last="Macmahon">Eithne Macmahon</name>
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<name sortKey="Batra, Rahul" sort="Batra, Rahul" uniqKey="Batra R" first="Rahul" last="Batra">Rahul Batra</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Malim, Michael H" sort="Malim, Michael H" uniqKey="Malim M" first="Michael H" last="Malim">Michael H. Malim</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Neil, Stuart J D" sort="Neil, Stuart J D" uniqKey="Neil S" first="Stuart J D" last="Neil">Stuart J D. Neil</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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<name sortKey="Doores, Katie J" sort="Doores, Katie J" uniqKey="Doores K" first="Katie J" last="Doores">Katie J. Doores</name>
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<title xml:lang="en">Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings.</title>
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<name sortKey="Pickering, Suzanne" sort="Pickering, Suzanne" uniqKey="Pickering S" first="Suzanne" last="Pickering">Suzanne Pickering</name>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
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<nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
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<name sortKey="Martinez Nunez, Rocio" sort="Martinez Nunez, Rocio" uniqKey="Martinez Nunez R" first="Rocio" last="Martinez Nunez">Rocio Martinez Nunez</name>
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<name sortKey="Bisnauthsing, Karen" sort="Bisnauthsing, Karen" uniqKey="Bisnauthsing K" first="Karen" last="Bisnauthsing">Karen Bisnauthsing</name>
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<name sortKey="O Hara, Geraldine" sort="O Hara, Geraldine" uniqKey="O Hara G" first="Geraldine" last="O'Hara">Geraldine O'Hara</name>
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<name sortKey="Macmahon, Eithne" sort="Macmahon, Eithne" uniqKey="Macmahon E" first="Eithne" last="Macmahon">Eithne Macmahon</name>
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<name sortKey="Batra, Rahul" sort="Batra, Rahul" uniqKey="Batra R" first="Rahul" last="Batra">Rahul Batra</name>
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<name sortKey="Neil, Stuart J D" sort="Neil, Stuart J D" uniqKey="Neil S" first="Stuart J D" last="Neil">Stuart J D. Neil</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<nlm:affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
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<title level="j">PLoS pathogens</title>
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<term>Adult (MeSH)</term>
<term>Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Antibodies, Viral (analysis)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Clinical Laboratory Techniques (MeSH)</term>
<term>Community Health Services (MeSH)</term>
<term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (MeSH)</term>
<term>Female (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hospitals (MeSH)</term>
<term>Humans (MeSH)</term>
<term>Immunoassay (MeSH)</term>
<term>Luminescent Measurements (MeSH)</term>
<term>Male (MeSH)</term>
<term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term>
<term>Nucleocapsid Proteins (immunology)</term>
<term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Point-of-Care Systems (MeSH)</term>
<term>Sensitivity and Specificity (MeSH)</term>
<term>Serologic Tests (methods)</term>
<term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus (immunology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Adulte (MeSH)</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term>
<term>Anticorps antiviraux (analyse)</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term>
<term>Dosage immunologique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Femelle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus (immunologie)</term>
<term>Humains (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hôpitaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Mesures de luminescence (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mâle (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Protéines nucléocapside (immunologie)</term>
<term>Sensibilité et spécificité (MeSH)</term>
<term>Services de santé communautaires (MeSH)</term>
<term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term>
<term>Systèmes automatisés lit malade (MeSH)</term>
<term>Techniques de laboratoire clinique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Test ELISA (MeSH)</term>
<term>Tests sérologiques (méthodes)</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Antibodies, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Anticorps antiviraux</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en">
<term>Coronavirus Infections</term>
<term>Pneumonia, Viral</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Infections à coronavirus</term>
<term>Pneumopathie virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus</term>
<term>Protéines nucléocapside</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en">
<term>Nucleocapsid Proteins</term>
<term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en">
<term>Serologic Tests</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr">
<term>Tests sérologiques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en">
<term>Adult</term>
<term>Aged</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Clinical Laboratory Techniques</term>
<term>Community Health Services</term>
<term>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Hospitals</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immunoassay</term>
<term>Luminescent Measurements</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Pandemics</term>
<term>Point-of-Care Systems</term>
<term>Sensitivity and Specificity</term>
</keywords>
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<term>Adulte</term>
<term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Betacoronavirus</term>
<term>Dosage immunologique</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Hôpitaux</term>
<term>Mesures de luminescence</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Pandémies</term>
<term>Sensibilité et spécificité</term>
<term>Services de santé communautaires</term>
<term>Sujet âgé</term>
<term>Systèmes automatisés lit malade</term>
<term>Techniques de laboratoire clinique</term>
<term>Test ELISA</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">There is a clear requirement for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, both as a complement to existing diagnostic capabilities and for determining community seroprevalence. We therefore evaluated the performance of a variety of antibody testing technologies and their potential use as diagnostic tools. Highly specific in-house ELISAs were developed for the detection of anti-spike (S), -receptor binding domain (RBD) and -nucleocapsid (N) antibodies and used for the cross-comparison of ten commercial serological assays-a chemiluminescence-based platform, two ELISAs and seven colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs)-on an identical panel of 110 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and 50 pre-pandemic negatives. There was a wide variation in the performance of the different platforms, with specificity ranging from 82% to 100%, and overall sensitivity from 60.9% to 87.3%. However, the head-to-head comparison of multiple sero-diagnostic assays on identical sample sets revealed that performance is highly dependent on the time of sampling, with sensitivities of over 95% seen in several tests when assessing samples from more than 20 days post onset of symptoms. Furthermore, these analyses identified clear outlying samples that were negative in all tests, but were later shown to be from individuals with mildest disease presentation. Rigorous comparison of antibody testing platforms will inform the deployment of point-of-care technologies in healthcare settings and their use in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections.</div>
</front>
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<PMID Version="1">32970782</PMID>
<DateCompleted>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>01</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>10</Month>
<Day>02</Day>
</DateRevised>
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<Journal>
<ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1553-7374</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
<Volume>16</Volume>
<Issue>9</Issue>
<PubDate>
<Year>2020</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>PLoS pathogens</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>PLoS Pathog</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Comparative assessment of multiple COVID-19 serological technologies supports continued evaluation of point-of-care lateral flow assays in hospital and community healthcare settings.</ArticleTitle>
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<MedlinePgn>e1008817</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.ppat.1008817</ELocationID>
<Abstract>
<AbstractText>There is a clear requirement for an accurate SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, both as a complement to existing diagnostic capabilities and for determining community seroprevalence. We therefore evaluated the performance of a variety of antibody testing technologies and their potential use as diagnostic tools. Highly specific in-house ELISAs were developed for the detection of anti-spike (S), -receptor binding domain (RBD) and -nucleocapsid (N) antibodies and used for the cross-comparison of ten commercial serological assays-a chemiluminescence-based platform, two ELISAs and seven colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs)-on an identical panel of 110 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples and 50 pre-pandemic negatives. There was a wide variation in the performance of the different platforms, with specificity ranging from 82% to 100%, and overall sensitivity from 60.9% to 87.3%. However, the head-to-head comparison of multiple sero-diagnostic assays on identical sample sets revealed that performance is highly dependent on the time of sampling, with sensitivities of over 95% seen in several tests when assessing samples from more than 20 days post onset of symptoms. Furthermore, these analyses identified clear outlying samples that were negative in all tests, but were later shown to be from individuals with mildest disease presentation. Rigorous comparison of antibody testing platforms will inform the deployment of point-of-care technologies in healthcare settings and their use in the monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections.</AbstractText>
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<ForeName>Suzanne</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-2747-9029</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Betancor</LastName>
<ForeName>Gilberto</ForeName>
<Initials>G</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-0548-7690</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Galão</LastName>
<ForeName>Rui Pedro</ForeName>
<Initials>RP</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3368-5053</Identifier>
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<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Merrick</LastName>
<ForeName>Blair</ForeName>
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<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-6061-6064</Identifier>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Signell</LastName>
<ForeName>Adrian W</ForeName>
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<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-4620-6891</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Wilson</LastName>
<ForeName>Harry D</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Kia Ik</LastName>
<ForeName>Mark Tan</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Graham</LastName>
<ForeName>Carl</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Sam</ForeName>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Kouphou</LastName>
<ForeName>Neophytos</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Steel</LastName>
<ForeName>Kathryn J A</ForeName>
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<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4446-0506</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Dept of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<ForeName>Oliver</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Patel</LastName>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Douthwaite</LastName>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>O'Connell</LastName>
<ForeName>Lorcan</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7970-8313</Identifier>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Luptak</LastName>
<ForeName>Jakub</ForeName>
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<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-9527-8755</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>McCoy</LastName>
<ForeName>Laura E</ForeName>
<Initials>LE</Initials>
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<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>Brouwer</LastName>
<ForeName>Philip</ForeName>
<Initials>P</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-2902-7739</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>van Gils</LastName>
<ForeName>Marit J</ForeName>
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<Affiliation>Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.</Affiliation>
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</Author>
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<LastName>Sanders</LastName>
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</Author>
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<LastName>Martinez Nunez</LastName>
<ForeName>Rocio</ForeName>
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<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2507-4738</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<LastName>Bisnauthsing</LastName>
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<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
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<LastName>MacMahon</LastName>
<ForeName>Eithne</ForeName>
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</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Batra</LastName>
<ForeName>Rahul</ForeName>
<Initials>R</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Malim</LastName>
<ForeName>Michael H</ForeName>
<Initials>MH</Initials>
<Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7699-2064</Identifier>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Neil</LastName>
<ForeName>Stuart J D</ForeName>
<Initials>SJD</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
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<LastName>Doores</LastName>
<ForeName>Katie J</ForeName>
<Initials>KJ</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y">
<LastName>Edgeworth</LastName>
<ForeName>Jonathan D</ForeName>
<Initials>JD</Initials>
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</AffiliationInfo>
<AffiliationInfo>
<Affiliation>Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
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<Language>eng</Language>
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<Grant>
<GrantID>106223/Z/14/Z</GrantID>
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<Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency>
<Country>United Kingdom</Country>
</Grant>
<Grant>
<GrantID>WT098049AIA</GrantID>
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<Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency>
<Country>United Kingdom</Country>
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<DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName>
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<MeshHeading>
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<MeshHeading>
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<MeshHeading>
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<MeshHeading>
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<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D003153" MajorTopicYN="N">Community Health Services</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName>
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</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading>
<DescriptorName UI="D004797" MajorTopicYN="N">Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</DescriptorName>
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<CoiStatement>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</CoiStatement>
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<Citation>JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):259-269</Citation>
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<Citation>Nat Med. 2020 Jul;26(7):1033-1036</Citation>
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<Citation>Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 May;20(5):565-574</Citation>
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<Citation>Science. 2020 Aug 7;369(6504):643-650</Citation>
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<Citation>N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 19;382(12):1177-1179</Citation>
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<Reference>
<Citation>Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 28;:</Citation>
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<Reference>
<Citation>Lancet. 2020 Jun 6;395(10239):1771-1778</Citation>
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<ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32410760</ArticleId>
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<Reference>
<Citation>Immunity. 2020 May 19;52(5):737-741</Citation>
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<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
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<li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
<li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li>
</region>
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<li>Amsterdam</li>
<li>Londres</li>
</settlement>
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<li>University College de Londres</li>
<li>Université d'Amsterdam</li>
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<name sortKey="Edgeworth, Jonathan D" sort="Edgeworth, Jonathan D" uniqKey="Edgeworth J" first="Jonathan D" last="Edgeworth">Jonathan D. Edgeworth</name>
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<name sortKey="Mccoy, Laura E" sort="Mccoy, Laura E" uniqKey="Mccoy L" first="Laura E" last="Mccoy">Laura E. Mccoy</name>
<name sortKey="Merrick, Blair" sort="Merrick, Blair" uniqKey="Merrick B" first="Blair" last="Merrick">Blair Merrick</name>
<name sortKey="Nebbia, Gaia" sort="Nebbia, Gaia" uniqKey="Nebbia G" first="Gaia" last="Nebbia">Gaia Nebbia</name>
<name sortKey="Neil, Stuart J D" sort="Neil, Stuart J D" uniqKey="Neil S" first="Stuart J D" last="Neil">Stuart J D. Neil</name>
<name sortKey="O Connell, Lorcan" sort="O Connell, Lorcan" uniqKey="O Connell L" first="Lorcan" last="O'Connell">Lorcan O'Connell</name>
<name sortKey="O Hara, Geraldine" sort="O Hara, Geraldine" uniqKey="O Hara G" first="Geraldine" last="O'Hara">Geraldine O'Hara</name>
<name sortKey="Patel, Amita" sort="Patel, Amita" uniqKey="Patel A" first="Amita" last="Patel">Amita Patel</name>
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<name sortKey="Signell, Adrian W" sort="Signell, Adrian W" uniqKey="Signell A" first="Adrian W" last="Signell">Adrian W. Signell</name>
<name sortKey="Steel, Kathryn J A" sort="Steel, Kathryn J A" uniqKey="Steel K" first="Kathryn J A" last="Steel">Kathryn J A. Steel</name>
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